Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. It is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The incidence of stomach cancer is higher in men than women, and it is more common in people over the age of 50.
The exact cause of stomach cancer is unknown, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing the disease. These include a family history of stomach cancer, a diet high in smoked, pickled, or salted foods, smoking, and infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Warning signs of stomach cancer can be vague and non-specific, making it difficult to diagnose in the early stages. However, symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and loss of appetite should not be ignored. Treatment options for stomach cancer depend on the stage of the disease and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Aetiology of Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a malignant tumour that develops in the stomach lining. The aetiology of stomach cancer is complex and multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. In this section, we will explore the various factors that contribute to the development of stomach cancer.
Genetic Factors
Genetic factors play a crucial role in the development of stomach cancer. Individuals with a family history of stomach cancer are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Mutations in certain genes, such as CDH1, BRCA1, and BRCA2, have been linked to an increased risk of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. In addition, individuals with blood type A have been found to have a higher risk of developing stomach cancer than those with other blood types.
Environmental Influences
Environmental factors also contribute to the development of stomach cancer. Exposure to certain chemicals, such as asbestos and benzene, has been linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer. In addition, smoking and heavy alcohol consumption have been found to increase the risk of developing the disease. Individuals who work in certain occupations, such as coal mining and rubber manufacturing, are also at a higher risk of developing stomach cancer.
Dietary Contributors
Dietary factors are also believed to play a role in the development of stomach cancer. A diet high in salt, smoked and pickled foods, and low in fruits and vegetables has been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease. In addition, infections with Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium commonly found in the stomach, have been linked to an increased risk of developing stomach cancer.
In conclusion, the aetiology of stomach cancer is complex and multifactorial. Genetic factors, environmental influences, and dietary contributors all play a role in the development of the disease. By understanding these factors, individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of developing stomach cancer.
Diagnosis and Management
Warning Signs and Symptoms
Stomach cancer can be difficult to diagnose in its early stages, as many of the symptoms are non-specific and can be caused by other conditions. However, some warning signs and symptoms that may indicate stomach cancer include:
Persistent indigestion or heartburn
Feeling full after eating small amounts of food
Nausea or vomiting
Unexplained weight loss
Abdominal pain or swelling
Blood in the stool or vomit
If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, it is important to consult a doctor.
Diagnostic Procedures
If stomach cancer is suspected, the doctor may recommend one or more of the following diagnostic procedures:
Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted through the mouth and into the stomach to examine the lining of the stomach and take biopsies.
Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans can be used to look for signs of cancer and determine the stage of the cancer.
Blood tests: Blood tests can be used to look for markers of cancer, such as CA 19-9.
Treatment Options
The treatment for stomach cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include:
Surgery: Surgery to remove all or part of the stomach is the most common treatment for stomach cancer.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is often used in combination with surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink the tumour or kill any remaining cancer cells.
Prognosis and Follow-Up Care
The prognosis for stomach cancer depends on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis, as well as the patient's age and overall health. If the cancer is caught early, the five-year survival rate is around 68%. However, if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the five-year survival rate drops to around 5%.
After treatment, patients will need to undergo regular follow-up care to monitor for any signs of recurrence. This may include regular check-ups, blood tests, and imaging tests.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the initial warning signs of stomach cancer?
The initial warning signs of stomach cancer may include indigestion, heartburn, nausea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and discomfort. However, these symptoms may also be caused by other conditions, so it is important to consult a doctor if any of these symptoms persist.
How can one self-examine for indications of stomach cancer?
It is not possible to self-examine for stomach cancer. However, individuals who are at a higher risk of developing stomach cancer, such as those with a family history of the disease or those who have previously had stomach surgery, should have regular check-ups with their doctor.
What symptoms are commonly experienced by females with stomach cancer?
Stomach cancer affects both males and females in a similar way. The symptoms experienced by females with stomach cancer are the same as those experienced by males.
Can stomach cancer be effectively treated if diagnosed early?
Yes, stomach cancer can be effectively treated if diagnosed early. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, the success of treatment depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.
What is the typical survival rate associated with stomach cancer?
The survival rate associated with stomach cancer depends on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, the five-year survival rate for individuals with early-stage stomach cancer is around 68%. However, the survival rate decreases to around 31% for those with advanced-stage stomach cancer.
What are the symptoms indicative of the final stages of stomach cancer?
The symptoms indicative of the final stages of stomach cancer may include severe pain, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. In addition, individuals may experience jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and eyes, as well as other symptoms related to organ failure. It is important to seek medical attention if any of these symptoms are experienced.
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